China Essay -- essays research papers

The World is forever in debt to China for its innovations. Ancient China was extreme point advance and many of its discoveries are still in use today. This is what Robert synagogue, the author of The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and constituteion. The book is based on 11 main parts of Chinese innovation. Within these 11 categories, there are 3 main parts that contain the most significant inventions. Robert Temple concentrates the mass of his examples in these three categories, agriculture, domestic and industrial technology , and engineering. Temples examples were not limited to these fields of innovation. The Chinese excelled in many other areas, including mathematics, war and transportation, to name a few. Although Temple wrote about eleven fields of invention, I feel that these three sections contain the greatest examples of Chinese innovation, and the debt that the modern world owes China.The showtime main area is the field of engineering. Within this ch apter, the development of iron and steel is the greatest achievement. The development of iron and steel led to other advances. By at least the 4th century the Chinese have developed flash furnaces to obtain cast iron from iron ore. This was 1200 years before the first blast furnace showed up in Europe. The reasons that the author gave to explain the reasons why the Chinese developed this technology are simple. The Chinese had access to large amounts of clay, the key ingredient in making blast furnaces. The Chinese also figured out that by adding a substance they called Black Earth, they could lower the melting point of iron. Another major invention of the Chinese, that led to other achievements, is steel. The common belief today is that Henry Bessemer discovered the bear upon of refining iron into steel. The fact is Chinese had developed the process to refine iron into steel in the second century BC The Chinese learned that by injecting oxygen into the blast furnace, they could r emove the carbon from the iron. The Chinese called this process the hundred refinings method since they repeated the process that many times. The finished product was highly prized in China for its strength and ability to hold an sharpness on a sword. The Chinese would weld the steel onto weaker iron thus creating a strong edge and a su... ...gh the process has been refined. The suspension bridge, invented by the Chinese in the first century AD, is still the bridge of choice when unitary has to span a great distance. The greatest area of Chinese invention is in agriculture. The Chinese excelled in farming, not only did they discover the seed drill, they discovered row farming that is still used today. I would recommend this book with one wants to read about the past glory of China and the huge potentional of the future. It gave in-depth views into each Chinese invention, while not over doing the techical explaination. The Author is clear and concise on his point, the modern world is in debt to the Chinese. He gave many examples of Chinese invoation, and how the rest of the world copied the Chinese. Not did the rest of the world copy Chinese inventions, they claimed that they were the first to invent it. The author opened my eyes to the greatness of anicent China. What the author, Robert Temple, did do gave me even more reason to respect China.The Genius of China3000 years of Science, discovery, and inventionBy Robert TempleBook report by Mike Leung600-82-1189

The Holocaust and Aushwitz :: European Europe History

The Holocaust and AushwitzINTRODUCTION The Holocaust is the most horrifying crime against humanity of all times. Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population.He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme. star of his main methods of doing away with these undesirable was through the use of concentration face packs. In January 1941, in a meeting with his top officials the final solution was decided. Jews were to be eliminated from the population. Auschwitz was the concentration camp that carried out Hitlers final solution in peachyer numbers than any other. In this paper I will discuss concentration camps with a tiny description of the most well-known one, Auschwitz. CONCENTRATION CAMPS The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. In the early days of Hitler, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. Victi ms for protective custody included those who were both physically and mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. Gypsies were classified as people with atleast two gypsy great grandparents. By the end of 1933 there were atleast fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. At first, the camps were adjudgeled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitlers personal security force) were ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps. Camps were set up for different purposes. Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for death/ extermination. Transition camps were set up as holding places for death camps. Henrick Himmler, pass of the German police, the Gestapo, thought that the camps would provide an economic base for the soldiers. This did not happen. The work force was poorly organized and working conditions were inhumane. Therefore, productivity was minimal. Camps were set up along railroad li nes, so that the prisoners would be conveniently close to their destination. As they were being transported, the soldiers kept telling the Jews to have hope. When the camps were finally opened, most of the families who were shipped out together end up being separated. Often, the transports were a sampling of what went on in the camps, cruelty by the officers, near starvation of those being transported, fetid and unsanitary conditions on the trains. On the trains, Jews were starved of food and water for days.

The Stereotypical Old-West Hero :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Stereotypical Old-West Hero Gunsmoke was the longest running radio show ever made. It is based on the historical city of Dodge. The series is centered or so the character of Matt Dillon, who is the U.S. Marshall at Dodge. Each episode is unrivaled of his adventures, usually with his fellow helper, Chester, in keeping the peace and bringing justice in the area. Dillons independence, sense of justice, and keen problem solving ever epitomize the stereotypical old-west hero. No matter what situation arises in Dodge, or the surrounding area, Matt Dillon is qualified to resolve it most often without the help of anyone else except for his faithful follower Chester. Whenever Dillon hears of a problem, he immediately goes to see what the pain in the neck is with Chester. He doesnt listen to anyone and entirely brings more people if it would go better with his plan. In the episode, Tecetta, Dillon boldly asks three gunmen to give up their guns at a bar and then tells them to leave the bordering morning. He says it in such a way that is unquestionable and demanding of respect. And people listen In the episode, The Buffalo Hunter, when Dillon and Chester go searching for the villain, Gatloff, they run into one of his skinners whose been shot. Always the independent spirit, Dillon commands Chester to stay with the man saying, Ill ride on by myself. Dillons sense of justice is extremely refined. He always has a keen pot on how to solve the problem at hand, and usually it is something that nobody else has thought of. Dillon makes claims such as, I dont think person would accidentally pour 50-60 lbs. of lead in their own face, to which Chester then replies, Oh Mr. Dillon, I hadnt thought of that. When one of the new bar girls, Tacetta, is kidnapped by Dorgan, Dillon has a plan ready. He decides to take a concourse of 12 men rather than just himself and Chester so that they will intimidate Dorgan, who has been judged by Dillon as having a weaker character. Dillon a lso knows how to decide when to go after someone and when not to. In The Buffalo Hunter Dillon know that Gatloff killed his own worker, but, since he doesnt have proof, he waits until Gatloff does something else that will incriminate him. Similarly, when Dorgan is killed by Horn and Watson in Tecetta, Dillon waits until Watson causes trouble as a drunkard to get the truth out of him.

Curriculum Integration :: Teaching Education Integration Essays

Curriculum IntegrationContrary to popular belief, curriculum integration entails more than simply linking lessons together along a customary theme. It is more than just rearranging existing lesson plans, it is an attempt to organize curriculum around significant problems and issueswithout regard for subject- bea boundaries (Beane, 1997). The goal of curriculum integration is to have students gain a deeper level of understanding across subject areas through interrelated thematic study. Themes are drawn from life as it is being lived and experienced with knowledge ground around problem solving rather than rote skill acquisition (Beane, 1997).Rather than seeing curriculum integration as this unified and connected serial publication of higher order thinking skills, many people (including teachers) confuse integration with a multidisciplinary approach. Multidisciplinary attempts at teaching thematic units relate individual subjects to singular event without making connections. For exam ple, during a unit on fish, a teacher could have his or her students read literature about fish and do fish record book problems however, unless the connections of synthesis, analysis, and evaluation are made, true integration is not being achieved. The students are learning a great deal about fish, math, and literature separately, but are not encouraged to see the relationships between each of these subject areas. In order to help foster an understanding across curriculum areas, integration inescapably to unify the subject matter in the students minds through making connections between subject areas and exploring how these relate to their ein truthday lives. Integration of content is important and potentially very effective because the brain processes information through connections. If teachers help their students create connections between subject-area material, then they will potentially increase the amount of long-term knowledge retain by the students (Beane, 1997). Integrat ion is also important due to the fact that there is a growing emphasis on application of knowledge rather than rote memorization and due to the fact that knowledge is not fixed (Beane, 1997). Integration allows students to look at things from different angles and to explore the grey areas that may be a part of the various concepts.Evidence from both educational journals and personal interviews suggest several different possible approaches to successful scientific discip origination integration. Many of the lesson plans dealt with integrating science with technology or with mathematics. For example, a fifth-grade teacher had his class record weather observations for an entire year and then used their data to teach graphing concepts including bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, as well as concepts such as mean and mode (Chia, 1998).

Should We Really Give Children the Vote? :: Exploratory Essays

Should We Really Give Children the Vote?Sixteen year old Vita Wallace is an activist for childrens rights. In her argument, Give children the vote, she attempts to show that an injustice has been do to citizens of the United States. Wallaces major claim, or thesis (McFadden, 2003), is that citizens under the grow of 18 shouldnt be denied the right to vote on account of age. Rather, she argues, children should be allowed to vote at whatever age suits them individually. By saying individually, she is using a qualifier, words and phrases used to limit and modify the overgeneralization of claims (McFadden). It is important that Wallace uses the term individually, because she recognizes that an age limit would be inappropriate for some children. After this point, most of the essay is dedicated to her opinion on why it is important for children to vote. Wallaces uses appeal to the lectors values, also known as warrants (McFadden). The emotional pleas may cause the audience to stop and consider her logic, but lack of facts and evidence leaves the argument unconvincing. With her cheeky writing and scattered thoughts the argument is hard to read, and even harder to believe. Therefore, I found the essay to be unsuccessful in persuading my opinion. The logic and evidence used to maintenance her major claim, known as grounds (McFadden) is hard to find. The strongest evidence in the whole essay is statistics of bailable adult voters. With this information, she points out that only 36-40 percent of eligible adults actually vote. However, 25 percent of the population is under the age of 18, leading to Wallaces statement that Although elected representatives are responsible for all of us, they are responsible to only a few of us (Wallace, 1998, p. 146). This statement would be effective but Wallace loses her credibility at the end of the paragraph when she calls politicians and voters selfish. By doing this she is using a fallacy, statements based on poor logic an d mistaken belief (Clark, p. 81). By saying they are selfish she is using an Ad Hominem argument, which is an attack on the soulfulness rather than the issue (Clark, 1998, p. 83). Throughout the essay Wallace develops many minor claims, which are secondary statements supporting the major claim (McFadden). Right away she discusses Discriminatory laws which hold back high school drop-outs from getting their drivers licenses.

Elie Wiesel Speech Summary Essay

In the speech Elie Wiesel says that indifference is bad and that it is a discourtesy against humanity .He also verbalize that indifference to a tragedy is not guiltless and that you cant just witness cruelty towards someone or something and not be responsible in some way for what ends up happening rather he said that you have to step in and help the someone or thing that someone is being cruel to. He also talks about his experience during the Holocaust, and how people ignored the millions of Jews that were dying. He also said that indifference is more dangerous than anger and hatredwhen he says Indifference, then, is not only a sin, it is a punishment. And this is one of the most important lessons of this outgoing one Cs wide-ranging experiments in good and evil. he is saying that when people were ignoring the fact that Jews were being killed they were committing a sin.Another thing he said was except then, thither were human beings who were sensitive to our tragedy. Those non -Jews, those Christians, that we called the Righteous Gentiles, whose selfless acts of heroism saved the honor of their faith. Why were they so few? Why was there a greater effort to save SS murderers after the war than to save their victims during the war? he was saying that after the war people cared more about helping the SS instead of the and there was few people that wanted to help the Jews that were being killed or injured.Also when he said Their fate is always the most tragic, inevitably. When adults wage war, children perish. We work out their faces, their eyes. Do we hear their pleas? Do we feel their pain, their agony? Every minute one of them dies of disease, violence, famine. Some of them so many of them could saved. He was trying to say that that there are a lot of children dying and they really cant do anything about it and they just end up dying.

Dubai Islamic Bank Essay

The document nurture Security Policy Framework focuses on strategy and roles for implementation security insurance policy in Dubai Islamic Bank. data Security has become and important aspect for the financial institution especially for a bank to protest critical info imagerys. The wideness of this fact needs to be clearly highlighted so that adequate measure can be implemented to ensure that acceptable level of security is in place at the clays and networking level.The policy in any reference addresses the password security guidelines for effective management of passwords associated with user and administrative profiles, network devices and other specialized peripheral devices associated with the infrastructure. indebtedness of the Employees The information security policy should be completely read and its importance should be understood. In case of each queries, write letter to concerned department head. Keep corporate information confidential dont sh are this informati on with people outside DIB.Maintain confidential of your password. however you are accountable with all the activities associated with your profile. Be observant look for suspicious activities in your area and report it to your manager for corrective legal actions. It is the responsibility of every individual to comply with this policy. Non conformance may result in disciplinary action. Components of security policy The major components of security policy are ? stake analysis identification of critical assets ? pretend management protection of identified assets.The objective is to make sure that employees of the bank should know their roles and responsibilities in protection of information assets and to emphasize the importance of having secured communication. Risk analysis critical vexation applications As all functions of DIB are automated, downtime of any system has a direct implication to efficiency and working. Some systems are complaint critical as they impact direct ly to customers. Mission critical application are mentioned as follows, in order of priority. ? Core banking application ? Electronic passRisk management Risk management is the process of identifying potential threats. Protection of information resources Information resources including customer information or other critical system parameters should be protected from accidental or intentional modification or disclosure. This includes loss of information physically and logically. Information should be classified with the level of lay on the line associated with it by the business owners. Once the information is classified, appropriate controls should be implemented to protect the information.Internet Security Internet access would be granted to users for business purpose only. Paper information security Confidential information such as account statements, reports, ledgers or customer related information, security policy, corporate policy and procedure etc should be retained in a sec ure and locked cabinet. Information such as packet license or maintenance agreements or information that is highly confidential should be kept securely in safe or fire proof cabinet with combination lock enabled. Never advance your desk unattended for long hours.While dispatching memos / letters internally, It should be marked as Confidential with telephone receiver name and address and should be sealed in an envelop. Information security administration Information technology subdivision reserves the right to assign or revoke user permissions based on approved bespeak and conduct entitlement review. Security officer should be assigned to conduct this task in segregation. The security officer not is involved in performing any transactions that conflict with the security administration function.Security officer is required to review security audit logs, exception handling reports and document any fantastic or suspicious activity. Compliance Dubai Islamic branches and corporate of fice divisions are required to ensure respect as per the rules and guidelines mentioned in security policy. Divisional heads should name a formal documented process to conduct self-assessment on semi annual basis. These results should be communicated to risk management ream for mitigation activities.Audit and implementation division should reference the security policy while conducting internal audit of branch / divisions. System and operations division should ensure compliance for all the functional building block areas of Dubai Islamic bank. Conduct self-assessment and periodic checks that regulatory and central bank requirements are being adhered to. A process should in place to make sure that whenever a new project is launched, concerned division will ensure and verify that security controls are implemented at the initial phase of the project.Human resource division includes security awareness program as an integral part of training IT quality assurance and compliance manager will ensure compliance of this policy for all systems and technology related platform. Self-assessments and review will be conducted to validate that relevant processes are in place. This unit are will also circulate letters to create awareness among users to follow the security policy and abide by the rules and regulations as defined. In case of any incident or malicious or fraudulent activity, inform your respective manager and divisional head IT for further investigation.Social Engineering Social engineering is the human action of breaking the security. exercisers should be careful while talking within and outside the organization. Information security can be violated very easily or may fail, if an employee gives away confidential information whether intentional or unintentional. Employees should be careful while talking on telephone and answering questions with unknown recipient or replying back an unknown email message. If a user is not sure whether to answer such a question, he/she should consult the line manager. Information sharingConfidentiality of information should be maintained. This includes information such as PIN codes, TPINS, passwords, customers financial statements, banks budgetary statements, cash positions are all treated as confidential information and should not be shared among employees. Avoid reading confidential documentation in a state-supported area. The classification for confidential and public / shared information should be classified by information owners. Information that is required to be shared can be circulated in the form of letter or policy document or can be uploaded on internet.Access rights should be implemented so that wildcat people does not go through the information that is meant for some specific people. Employees can share information only if they have valid business reason. facility of software applications Application / software installed on corporate systems should be licensed. Unlicensed software should no t be installed on any system. all software installations would be carried out by the IT support staff by ensuring first that the said software fulfills the obligations of software licensing.For third party software installations, the IT support staff would fall out such individuals with prior scheduling and reviewing all hardware requirements and post implementation impacts. Users would be restricted from downloading and installing software, freeware and shareware or evaluation copy of software on corporate laptops / workstations. This increase the chance of installing virus or Trojan thus compromising critical corporate resources. Only standard corporate software on approved list should be installed and accessed.In case there is a requirement to install application other than approved software then(prenominal) deviation should be filed and approved by divisional head IT and subsequent approvals from group head IT. Users are not allowed to download and install flashy secrete save s and desktop backgrounds, only windows default settings should be used. User of external media Domain recipients are not allowed to connect personal laptop or workstation on the DIB network. Only corporate equipment should be connected on corporate network. Any such attempt would be taken up as an attempt to sabotage the network.Use of removable media such as floppy disk, CDs, DVDs, flash drives via USB port or any other external media on DIB domain is purely prohibited. In case if there is any business requirement the same may be forwarded to the information technology division or for scanning and uploading of document in a shred folder with restricted access rights. Use of modems of any sort on the corporate workstations/ laptops and dialing out via internet over corporate network is strictly prohibited. Should there be business requirements to do so the said workstation would NOT be allowed to connect to the corporate network.

Diffusion, Dialysis Essay

In Diffusion, Dialysis And Osmosis lab, we discovered that we were going to observe and understand the conditions under which diffusion, dialysis, and osmosis occur. Then we constructed models of diffusion, dialysis, and osmosis. We predicted that the direction of change would be from the membrane to the beaker. We understood how these processes affected the selectivity of the cell membrane. The second part of the lab was dealing with dialysis. In this part we studied starch and sodium chloride for dialysis activity. In Part A We hypothesized that NaCl existed in 1-3 and AgNO existed 2-4.In Part B We hypothesized that in that location will be more changes in the cell then outside the cell. In Part C We hypothesized that there will be a difference due to the different environments that are provide to sponsor change the appearance of a molecule. Procedure A. qualitative shielding for sodium chloride and starch We got 6 clean test tubes and number them 1-6. Test tubes 1&2 had 5ml of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). Test tubes 3&4 had 5ml of starch. Test tubes 5&6 had 5ml of distilled water. We added 2-3 drops of silver nitrate (AgNO )to 1,3,5. We added 2-3 drops of iodine solution to 2,4,6. B. Dialysis of a starch/sodium chloride mixtureGet one dialysis tube and reap one end. close the bag with 5ml of 10% Sodium chloride solution and 5ml of starch solution from Part A. then tie the tube and place it in a beaker of distilled water. Leave the tube for 30 minutes. Afterwards test for the presence of starch and sodium chloride. Then split the solution into to test tubes and 2-3 drops of iodine into one test tube and 2-3 drops of AgNO in the other test tube. C. Osmosis using dialysis tubing as a model of the cell membrane Obtain 5 beakers and label them 1-5. Fill beakers 1-4 halfway with distilled water. And beaker 5 with 30% sucrose halfway.Obtain 5 dialysis tubes that will be filled with 10ml of different solutions. Tube 1 has distilled water, Tube 2 has 10% sucrose , Tube 3 has 20% sucrose, Tube 4 has 30% sucrose, and Tube 5 has distilled water. Tie the tubes and weigh each of them before placing them in there regard beakers. Every 15 minutes weigh the tubes to record the change.In Part B we found that outside test tube salt existed and not sugar. scarcely inside the test tubes both the starch and the salt existed in the two different tubes. In this part there werent any problems and we were successful in gathering the necessary results to move to the next section. This helping prove our hypothesis right because it meant that there would be more changes inside the cell than outside the cell. In Part C we found that Beaker 1 had no changes in weight. In Beaker 2 there were changes that ranged from 0-1. 1. In Beaker 3 there were changes that ranged from 0-2. 1.In Beaker 4 there were changes that ranged from 0-4. 8. In Beaker 5 there were changes that ranged from -2. 7-0. This is the results that my group gathered from another group that did we ll because our results were way off and inconsistent. So we were forced to use better results to discovery better explanations. We understood that the conditions under which osmosis is possible and to what degree it occurs. There were three different types of temperate environments. This helping prove our hypothesis right because it meant that different environments help change the appearance of a molecule.

Dissertation: Employment and Workplace Design

Impact of body of ladder Design Institute of Hotel Management Aurangabad The Impact of Workplace Design A study of the Employee on the theorize Performance in Taj castle, Delhi Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement of B. A (Hons) in Hotel Management University Of Huddersfeild United Kingdom March 2013 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) varlet 1 Impact of Workplace Design Declaration I decl be that this language is the result of my own individual efforts and that it confirms to university, dep art escapemental and course regulations regarding ch depleteing and plagiarism.No material contained within this Dissertation has been uptaked in any some other submission, by the author, for an academic award. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Third Year Hotel Management Course Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad Date 19. 3. 2013 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) sc altogetherywag 2 Impact of Workplace Design Ack at wiz timeledgement E genuinely professional endeavor requires the fl eshy draw of some worthy minds and this litigate is no different. I would become by thanking my Dissertation transfer Mr. Ananad Iyengar, his patience and take all over, were instrumental in accomplishing this task.I thank my year tutor Mr. Rakesh Katyayani and my dissertation coordinator Mr. Saurabh Krishna for their amazing organizational skills that kept me focused on my execute. Many of the arguments and facts menti geniusd in this civilise were sourced from books, journals, newspapers and websites. Though I view tried to acknowledge most of the sources to the best of my abilities, there were certain sources whose roots were non avail able making it absolutely aerial and difficult to endure accurate acknowledgement.Regardless of the source I would like to show my gratitude to these anonymous works as they may have contri scarcelyed saliently towards my endeavor. Last except not the least I would like to thank my college Institute of Hotel ManagementAurangabad for providing the necessary guidance and resources and I would in any case like to extend a vote of thank to the Summons online library of the University of Hudders product line. This work would have been incomplete without their academic stand out. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) rapscallion 3 Impact of Workplace Design Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1. Research scruples 1. 2 subsidiary phoner Questions 1. 3 Aim of the study 1. 4 Purpose of the study 1. 5 Limitation of the study 1. 6 Dissertation structure 6-8 8 8 8 9 9 9-10 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 bio applied science 2. 3 Workplace Motivation 2. 4 supervisory support 2. 5 material bodying the new oeuvre 2. 6 Flexibility at piece of work 2. 7 Health factors and soundness programs affecting on the handicraft port 2. 8 The impact of engineering science on, on the subscriber line behavior 2. 9 purlieual concerns regarding body of work traffic pattern 2. 10 Managing under mathematical operation 2. 11The peop le involve 1 11-12 13-14 15 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 21-22 21-22 22-23 23 3. Research Methodology 3. 1Approach 3. 2Research Question 3. 3 Research physical body 24 24 24 24 4. Results and discourse 4. 1 Interview 4. 1. 1Mr, Avijit Sen, G. M. , Vesta Hotels, Jaipur 4. 1. 2 Mr. Akesh Bhatnagar, G. M. , Golkonda Hotel, Hyderabad 4. 2 Structured Questionnaire Analysis 25 25 25-27 28-30 30-40 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 4 Impact of Workplace Design 5. Conclusion and recommendation 5. 1 Summary 5. 2 Major Findings 5. 3 stretch for futurity research 41 41 42 42 6. References 43 LIST OF TABLESFIGURE 1 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES.. 31 FIGURE 2 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING manly EMPLOYEES .. 32 FIGURE 3 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING FEMALE EMPLOYEES 33 FIGURE 4 COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEE 34 FIGURE 5 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 18-25 . 35 FIGURE 6 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 26-35 . 6 FIGURE 7 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 36-45 . 37 FIGURE 8 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 46-55 . 38 FIGURE 9 COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING ALL AGES . 39 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 5 Impact of Workplace Design Chapter 1 All work is seed sown. It grows and spreads, and sows itself anew Thomas Carlyle Abstract Workplace form in the hospitality sector has become a very authoritative phenomenon people do not exactly wish to see a luxurious front of the house but in any case an amazing back powerfulness.Workplace does not b arely affect to external and architectural design, it as well as in its folds covers the topics like motif, healthfulness, supervisory support, environmental concerns, learning and culture etc. This project deals with savvy proper employment design as a tool for improving on the moving in performance of an employee. The researcher plans to transmit a research on some of the employees workings in the forage and beverage subdi passel of Taj palace Delhi to understand which dimension of employment affects them the most and till what extent.The project also involves semi integrated interviews with professionals at lofty designation in the manufacture and what is their take on the importance of work environment as an overall change foundr. The objective is to completely understand study modeling and how innovations in the very(prenominal) burn down invite it get out in the future. 1. Introduction In the ever-changing world of directly where luxury and fashion make up for eighty to ninety percent of emotional content in an individual, people wager for fashionable and comfortable work places also.The researcher aims to study body of work attributes in the hospitality industry and its affect on, on the meditate deportment of the employees The researcher while working will adopt contingency orientation, he will aim to understand that organizational behaviour/on the job behaviour is labyrinthine and is driven by a bevy of factors. No dickens employees be alike and different situations means different to each and both individual. Managers therefore must learn to adopt piece of work policies that answer not only the grievances of fewer but shows solutions for the problems of the some(prenominal). Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 6 Impact of Workplace Design The researcher aims to follow a three point approach while achieving objectives for the tending(p) topic. ? Identifying the causes of occurrent behaviour through a questionnaire analysis on work and its attributes ? ? Sidelining strategies that would help mitigate current causes of disengagement Studying the impact of change implemented for the aforementioned(prenominal) Managing workplace and workforce in the twenty runner century is all somewhat embracing a change. In many ways the job of the workplace is to perform the same functions as it performed earlier which is to manage, motivate and influence employees.Current scenario is that, the workplaces expectation from the em ployee is the same but the employees expectation from the workplace has changed drastically. The complex variety of companionable, personal, environmental, unskilled and technological changes that have taken place recently makes the task of managing workforce and designing workplace however more challenging. Someone justifiedly quoted Managing on the job behaviour today is like pushing water uphill using a rake (Anonymous, n. d. ). Time is short and stakes be high. Corporate ar running a race to achieve perfect facial expression value amidst their competition.Companies that manage their workforce well get higher re acidulates on tillableness. After all, a lot depends on the catch of a company. Recently many companies have focused their attention towards IT they feel technology gives them an added advantage since it evolves rapidly. Managers go out that technology can only seldom provide an organization with a competitive advantage but in the end, it is the people that matt er. Research has also shown that coronation in IT players pays greater dividends than enthronement in hardw be or softw are.When employees quit they are not leaving their jobs, they are leaving their workplace. Therefore a great workplace atmosphere creates a give away on the job performance thereby creating a cadre of the finest productive workers. Products can easily be aped but not the workplace on which the productiveness and behaviour of the human resource depend so an organizations greatest competitive advantage is its own workplace and the behavior of its Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 7 Impact of Workplace Design employees in the workplace.Implementing methods for the improvement of a workplace should be the first and foremost decision of any company. This is wherefore companies like CISCO, Harley Davidson and Merek are different they invest in man military group more than any other attribute. They understand the importance of work and workplace systems alike. One must kn ow that implementing a straightforward management strategy is easy but what really counts is what the management does in difficult fourth dimensions when on the job behaviour is not unattackable and there are high rates of employee attrition and abseintism. . 1 Research Question ? Is On the Job Behaviour influenced by workplace design? 1. 2 Subsidiary Questions ? ? Would a break on the job performance affect organizational productivity? Why have no strong laws in workplace design been implemented in the past twenty years? ? Will factors like goal setting, performance feedback, role congruity, defined processes, workplace incentive, supervisor support etc influence On the job behavior of an employee? ? Have there been improvement trends in workplace design? 1. Aim of the study The aim is to analyze the centre of the Workplace attributes on the employees On the job behavior by performing a structured research in the Food and Beverage department of Taj castling Delhi. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 8 Impact of Workplace Design 1. 4 Purpose of the study Workplace and jobs have become a complex phenomenon in todays times. Employees today have a large number of alternatives and selections at their disposal and hence workplace becomes a crucial factor for keeping or leaving the job.It is crying that an Employees working environment is well kept and submited because ultimately the workplace environment is what defines on the job behaviour and employee motivation. How well an employee adapts to his psychological, psycho motive, desire and wellness factors at his workplace will determine his workplace behaviour, productivity and errors. Through this research the researcher aims to prove the relation between workplace factors and on the job behaviour of the employee thereby organism able to prove that workplace design factors definitely impacts on the job performance of an employee. . 5 Limitations and mount of the study encompassing research in this field would b ring about data collection complications. The research only analyses the data collected from a few employees in the diet and beverage department. The semi structured interviews will also not show the larger picture as different people have different opinions about their own workplace, to some the workplace seems perfect to others it may require a lot of change.Although the study covers only a small department in one business unit of the hospitality sector research on this subject in the near future on a macro train would provide managers with an all new level of understanding in employee motivation and workplace design. The research can be extended to hotels resorts or even company policies. 1. 6 Dissertation Structure The 1st chapter, the Introduction essentially covers the topic of the research and a brief on its relevance to the industry today.The chapter summarizes the approach of the researcher and the guess and other objectives. The chapter speaks of limitations and scope of this dissertation in the next decade. It also covers some of the questions that the researcher will analyze during the course of this project. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 9 Impact of Workplace Design The second chapter, the lit review forms the basis of the dissertation. It carries a vivid description of each of the workplace attributes, their current scenario in the industry, prior research and the researcher valuable recap.The literature review provides a structure to the dissertation and also helps to prepare a structure for the data analysis and research methodology. The Literature review also decides the scope for future research on the given topic. The 3rd Chapter, the research methodology deals with the steps the researcher has taken to obtain the desired data to conclude his hypothesis. It also gives a comparative understanding of how the researcher has composed the models for analysis and what was the approach.The 4th Chapter, the data analysis contains the conducted in terviews and the analysis of the data collected from the employees in the form of a structured questionnaire, the chapter has the analysis of the data which proves the researchers hypothesis and also answers the subsidiary questions as given on the first chapter The 5th Chapter, conclusion and recommendation summarizes the dissertation and the results of the analysis. It has the critique of the researcher on the existing procedures and how they can be changed in the near future to achieve outstanding results.The chapter also provides a valuable insight into how future research can be conducted for the same Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 10 Impact of Workplace Design Chapter 2 (Literature Review) When people go to work, they shouldnt have to leave their hearts at home. -Betty curved shape 2. 1 Overview It has always been argued that distraction, lack of interest, poor decisions and high absence are the major causes of employee disengagement but what organizations genuinely exit are that these factors might be just the symptoms the root cause may be very different (Slade, 2010).Recent scenarios also indicates that subtle productive changes in the workplace environment today truly surmount employee absenteeism and attrition, which in turn improves on the job performance thereby impacting productivity in a very positive way (Roeloefsen, 2002). today it has been turn up that employee rapture is directly proportional to job satisfaction, which is directly dependent on the working environment. Workplace factors are a major catalyst in productivity and on the job performance of an employee.In fact, research has focused on biotech or biomechanics because of workers demands for more comfort at the workplace (Wells, 2000). Theorists believe that bothone seeks a end between what one puts into his work and what one expects to get out of it. Most of the time one tends to compare his own situations with that of other employees in the market place, beforehand he r attling decides to work with a particular proposition proposition organization (Adams, 1963). In the recent past the nature of employee and employer relations has genuinely been distorted because of the changes in job structures and way of dungeon.There are a number of companies in the market and therefore not only employees but employers also need to focus on their conduct to make a mark in the business. Higher salaries and better perks may seem the most obvious way of increasing an employees on the job performance but this is influenced by other important factors that include work motivation, training and get outment opportunities, physical, psychological and psychomotive factors (Leblebici, 2012). Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 11 Impact of Workplace DesignMaslows pecking order of call for theory argued that the mea current of anthropogenic attitudes to work was slowly and steadily being extended to workplace and work environment as well for understanding human psychology and m otivating factors. The study involved synthesizing success stories of exemplary people like Einstein, Roosevelt, Douglas and Adams rather than studying the so called neurotic or mentally ill. The model involved flavour at human psychology from scratch basic needs like food, water, lifestyle, love etc. Going step higher, needs evolved to less basic ones like security, employment, morality, family etc.At further higher levels, needs were more exclusive and included a need for creativity, be desireing, selfesteem, motivation and culture. It was cognize that if all these factors were well taken care of in a workplace environment, they would boost the on job performance of the individual , which would reflect on the squad thereby boosting productivity on a whole (Janet A Simons, n. d. ). McGregors theory on the contrary involved classifying workers as X or Y elements, where the X elements are idle, destructive and senseless and require motivation and training to bring them up to spe ed with work and business.Elements Y on the other hand, are self propel workers flushed with creativity, who actually make up the strong pillars of the business and require less support as compared to the element X. McGregors theory differs from Maslows theory where he states that it is the worker who should be motivated. According to him, the workers should have a positive relation with the workplace to ensure all psychological and self actualization needs are being fulfilled for better performance and productivity. Stuart, 2010) Finally differing from all other theorists Herzberg found out that factors that were cause for concern were company policy, relation with the boss, working conditions, salary and descent with peers. On the other hand , the factors that kept them motivated were achievement, recognition, business as usual, responsibility , advancement and growth, which again linked the theory of Herzberg to Mcgregor and Maslow (Anonymous, n. d. ) Therefore it may be said th at a workplace is the result of various decisions, feelings and emotions working together in a adjoining and cohesive work environment.So to actually determine what is it that actually impacts on the job performance of an employee. The researcher will look into biomechanics which has been a very recent breakthrough in research better termed as ergonomics at workplace. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 12 Impact of Workplace Design 2. 2 Ergonomics Today Ergonomics or innovation in workplace procedures has become the hip record in the United states of America as the workplace is deviation through major changeovers during this particular era.The Modern Office Procedure Council has even moved up to publish an article fashionably, entitled Ergonomics the outbreak of a newer discipline (Anonymous, n. d. ). The article though not very acclaimed has covered work-stations, work-environment, behaviors at work and many other minute issues that are generally overlooked while discussing on the job performance. The research brought together problems that had been collected and researched over a period of cardinal years to prove that employers could actually boost employee on the job performance through workplace design.Thi research is mainly being focused on the employees response to workplace and workplace design. Working all day at a desk in an chest of drawers takes its toll on the eyes, neck and hands which are sometimes termed as Musculo Skeletal disorders or simply (MSDs) (Anonymous, 2010). Workplaces have today initiated Healthy Work Practice Programs (HWPP), these programs provide a proper checklist for blot ergonomic design and also help develop strategies to implement the same (Anonymous, 2010).A study conducted in 2000 also states that in the workplace today where technology has taken over a lot of the workplace space there should be supplementary breaks in between to reduce eye strain and over exertion of the eye muscles (Anonymous, 2007). Theorists have argued that the rate of production per industry per day has been increasing daily to maintain a competitive advantage in the market place. Technologies are being upgraded, work lifestyle is changing and most importantly, recreation time is being diminished. In such an environment, where humans are actually becoming synonymous to machines, the importance of rgonomics is par sum up. If the principles of Ergonomics are not applied to the work task and tools, workers might go through undue stress and mental strain, which in turn decr backup on the job performance and have a negative impact on productivity as a whole. Recognizing the ergonomic factors in a workplace is the first step to recognizing the supposes connect to workers on the job conditions. Engineers believe that removing physical stress from the working environment could actually eliminate many serious work related injuries each year.Employers should learn to understand employee mindset and work design to make the workplace safe r. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 13 Impact of Workplace Design Ergonomics can help reduce many (MSDs) while working in operations like hotels, as the work involves giving more than eight mos a day to operations. The process also helps increase the productivity as it provides safer working conditions that motivates the workers to work better in an environment. Ergonomics would also help decrease the absenteeism rates due to less MSDs and more energy among the work force.A workplace can substantially reduce turnovers if new recruits find their workplace properly designed to suit their mindset. Reduced expenses, resulting from a decrease in the rate of (MSDs) would require less cost for covering illness and reduced organization and personal medical costs (OSHA, 2000) OSHA also agues that reduce Ergonomic Hazards at a workplace is probably the easiest of operations to perform. If one is an employer and his employees frequently complain of ergonomic hazards, all he has to do is incorpora te an ergonomics program in the root word of his organization.The program should motivate employees to participate and should provide scope for valuable feedback to supervisors. The program should be checked mendly by the executive in charge to ensure transparency and productivity. The program at the end of the day should be successful and should be a proper training and culture task for employees as well as employers (OSHA, 2000) Though from personal work experience it is strongly believed, Employees in the Hospitality ndustry have an inner belief that it is the organizations learning ability to provide them with safe, healthy and balanced working conditions. Over a period of the past two years the researcher has completed successful working hour within the premises of three Hospitality establishments and has nowhere experience a proper Ergonomic design program in place. Apart from workplace design 58% of the employees strongly agree that the motivation factor is a major disci pline if one wishes to measure the relation between job performance and workplace.Each and every employee feels that to sustain and work happily in a working environment there are only two things of paramount importance, the first being workplace design which has been explained above by the researcher in great detail and the other is Motivation factor. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 14 Impact of Workplace Design 2. 3 Workplace motivation Motivation recently has been a keen eye socket of research among industrialists and psychologists as it impacts on the job performance of an Individual. It is being taken as a very serious process in a workplace.The beginning of motivation for any personnel in any field of work is very simple, he deserves to be treated fairly and with respect. On the job behaviour is a pure reflection of how one is treated within the organization. The second step to why motivation is an important fact is because motivation leads to a change in behaviour, which in turn decides changes in the productive aspect of the employee at workplace. slowly but steadily managers in many concerns have started taking the concept of motivation seriously.The assessment of satisfaction in the workplace has been a very public occurrence in the recent times and has been used as a tool to measure employee well being and satisfaction in a particular department (Spector, 1997). General Research has shown that out of twenty candidates, seven prefer to go to work happily i. e. They are the category X employees according to the X and Y theory. Ten employees have a feeling that they wish to remain neutral some days can be happy and well other could be boring. The remaining three who are the Y candidates feel that their orkplace requires drastic improvements. There was a similar answer from all the candidates when they were questioned about appreciation, belonging, scope of improvement, salary, supervisor support goal setting and feedback. Therefore as gathered from work experience at a diverse number of workplaces, the general feeling is that workplace motivation is a very important aspect. If the behaviour of the supervisor or the senior does not motivate the employees at work and so the employee tends to abhor their work leading to increased abseintism and attrition.The researcher feels that out of a ten hour work shift an employer must at least spend thirty legal proceeding with his employees to evaluate what they have done and what they should do in the near future to establish success in their working methods. An employer should be able to successfully develop a sense of confidence and optimism in his employees. The employer should also once in a while allow the employees to volunteer for tasks that are beyond their abilities so that even the failure can help generate self learning through a method of retrograde training.Apart from this the researcher also feels that an employer must successfully be able to map his employees goals and aspira tions to help them achieve the same through directed learning and development opportunities. Apart from all this the general feeling is that beyond motivation a good supervisor at the workplace is also an important factor for retaining and satisfying employees. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 15 Impact of Workplace Design 2. 4 Supervisory Support Today Supervisors are a very important factor in the workplace.They are epitomes of knowledge and mediums of effective feedback for employees who are working under them (Durham CC, 1997). The level of supervisory support is directly proportional to the teams introduced in workplace today. A supervisor today should be able to comprehend the mood of the individual and the team and work accordingly. With increasing number of team members under a supervisor the need for traditional support reduces. Today a supervisor is expected to consume the qualities for performing diverse roles as with changing scenarios the rolls of different teams.With the d rastic changes in the environment it is necessary that the supervisor is chosen before the contingent team is prompt and his behaviour and attitude towards his work must be assessed before-hand so as to give a complete sense of satisfaction to all employees as theorized by (Tannenbaum SI & JA, 1996). A supervisors major focus should be on the job enhancement practices for his subordinates, feedback and training. This will help bring about a change in the employees behaviour, motivating him to redesign the workplace.A supervisor must allow an employee to learn from mistakes rather than spoon feeding and directing each and every time as there is a line of research that states that autonomy without doubt is the best form of learning (Parker Sk, 1998). Sometimes theorists do say that lead and supervision have a lesser impact on satisfaction but that does not mean it has no impact at all. Supervisory support has critically been recognized as an imperative process for continuous develop ment of new teams on the aspects of satisfaction. BM, 1997) The effect of supervisory support on employee satisfaction is an attribute which has scarcely been researched over time. What really matters is the ability of the supervisor to stay within a team and work as an equal and at the same time being able to stand out from the rest in some unique way or the other such that, he is successfully able to motivate and supervise the employees he has to lead. No supervisory support is complete without a super workplace design. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 16 Impact of Workplace Design . 5 intent the new workplace Today on the job behaviour is becoming an important aspect of workplace productivity, architects and interior designers have been working hard to provide employees with the most exquisitely modeled workplaces possible. only if the time has come to look beyond architectural innovation because (Jusko, May,2000) says that a study conducted in office design and workplace survey in some of the best offices in the US states that most of the managers gave working conditions a grade c.Hence, it was proved that there are some things beyond architectural design that prompted workers to do well, which were none other than wellness and recreation design Healthcare expenditure is soaring high, there is a definite need for reducing hospital and sickness costs in each and every organization. The United States of America and the European nations have adopted structured wellness programs in their office design (Kutler, 2010). Research widely shows that prevention of injury and disease decrease working cost by $3. 47 per employee per day.This bonny return on investment clearly highlights the fact that incorporation of wellness programs within an organization would help profits greatly and would positively influence on the job performance with reduced health concerns, injury and cost of treatment Theorists believe a key factor of human resource is to provoke employee sati sfaction thereby promoting customer satisfaction. Referring to Maslows triangle , it can be easily seen that a sense of belonging, friends, culture, team work, co-worker support and supervisor support, games and recreation make an important part of an employees self-actualization needs.Workplace recreation and design is very evident in organizations that bring together people and processes and its introduction into the hospitality sector is a highly necessary evil. The question to ponder over is why again is a recreational design required at a workplace? The answers though are pretty simple. Today Recreational activities provide a form of intrinsic reward, a sense of self satisfaction from within, which boosts employee motivation. Participation in recreational activities and retreats, help put a balance between work and life.Recreational activities that require participation of staff teams provides scope for individual behaviour and attitude feedback. Recreation in a way helps an e mployee connect his aspiration to his organization and last but not the least, recreation provides the best forum for self development (Mokaya, february,2012) Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 17 Impact of Workplace Design So, when it comes to linking recreation and health with on the job performance it has been well seen that both help in strengthening the social bond between customer and employee.They help in developments of skills like leadership, team work and communication, which are invaluable assets for the service industry. The activities also provide a good social forum for discussion and understanding of topics like goals, vision and mission of the organization and future endeavors it also provides scope for innovation and brain storming at work, coupled with increased friendship and viscidness among the staff.Other than wellness and recreation Work stress is also a major cause of not liking ones workplace so to provide a better relationship among staff and employers it is nece ssary also to act upon the concept of workplace tractableness. 2. 6 Flexibility at workplace Today flexibility means delimitate how and when a work is done and how does one organize his career in such a critical way that there is improved workplace effectiveness. Companies use workplace flexibility as a major tool for managing, customizing, recruiting, retaining and strategizing workforce load as said by (E. Friedman, 2002).There have been several studies in this field that have successfully been able to prove that flexibility has a major role in reducing stress, increasing effectiveness and improving performance. Flexibility at workplace can be of many types depending on what the work demands and how the superior wants to maximize the amount of work done by a particular employee. Today Traditional flextime at a workplace allows employees to choose their own times of coming and leaving the office such that their times will be border the time of core operating hours and the work m eted out to them should be done.Employees are given a certain amount of time in a calendar week to complete their work for e. g. the employee is to work ten hours a day for four days a week or has to complete eighty hours of work over a period of nine days and so on and so forth (E. Friedman, 2002). Many companies also do offer a concept better know as summer hours, i. e. , increasing an hour per day and completing the time allotted before the designated day, to apply for an extra off. Theorists believe that Flexibility is many times wrongly termed as an employee perk whereas it is only a tool to successfully manage employee on the job behaviour/performance.Its importance is such that it can be used over a range of managerial jobs and at different levels of the hierarchy. Most importantly it is a precise tool and should only be applied only Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 18 Impact of Workplace Design where the management feels apt to do so, everyone cannot ask for flexibility and not all jobs can be given flexibility. There are instances wherein on a permanent job an employee can be provided flexibility for a temporary period to boost his morale so as to help him change his outlook towards his work (E.Friedman, 2002). It is imperative that a company realizes the problem it wants to deal with, using the tool of flexibility. It is wise always to look into flexibility issues of comparable companies before such a step is taken to boost employee esteem. The company should conduct internal studies and should actually be completely sure about the attitudes of the personnel for whom they are allowing flexibility as the companys entire working entry will be centered on flexibility.Going by what theorists say, coping with flexibility is also not an easy factor so it is always better if the supervisors of a company are better trained to superintend staff that are flexible and are trained to calculate output from a flex point workforce and last but not the least, a comp any should make its staff well aware of the continuing improvements and should regularly appreciate staff who have done well on a flexi schedule through accolades and newsletters.Though flexibility is not a very common answer to problems in the Hospitality sector as it is a very human oriented industry, what can actually become the solution is concentrating on improving the health of an employee. 2. 7 Health Factors and Wellness Program affecting on the job behaviour Today a workplace is viewed from the health perspective, research so far has looked into workers health in two aspects, the former being do organizations today promote wellness and health programs for workers?And the latter being Are healthy workplaces also the ones which are more productive? The first question generally covers human resource, employee motivation, hazard free environment, wellness programs, supervisor support, training and development. The latter question though here is solidly more important for thi s particular research as it is looking into improvements in on the job performance of a worker in the organization. Looking at a very three dimensional view of the situation, the answer to the latter appears to be more qualified and complex.Organizations are slowly incorporating workplace wellness programs in their work schedule but actually translating the measure of riches to on the job productivity is a very difficult task that is required to be accomplished. The research on this front appears to be very faint-hearted because in the service industry where work is supposed to be inconspicuous, the industry has shown graphs of deteriorating worker Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 19 Impact of Workplace Design health and wellness because of the amount of hard work required and less time available for ones own self.One must identify the gaps in the health environment of a workplace and should aim to understand the synergistic effects of certain health promotion exercises by combining ps ychology with job behaviour to research factors like motivation, productivity , sickness ,absenteeism , leave and other psycho social outcomes that can be measured through wellness studies conducted on the job. Organizations must invest in a healthier working environment and employee care as it will no doubt increase productivity and will be a smart investment in terms of future returns.It is highly imperative that employees coordinate with employers for such programs and understand the effects of team related, work related and family related healthcare. But then again by incorporating better technology also, one can reduce the stress on the Human workforce of the industry. 2. 8 The impact of technology on, on the job behaviour engine room has not only changed the workplace today but has also become the lifeline of success of any company. The world has changed after(prenominal) the advent of fax, internet, Wi-Fi, e mail and holograms. Technology is upgrading itself each minute and will continue upgrading itself at a fast rate.Imagining work without access to technology is unimaginable. Technology has not only changed the lives of the physically able but has also given equal power to the disabled to compete and even be more productive than normal. With the advent of technology, more and more physically challenged people are entering the business today that probably earlier, just had one or two options. in the first place technology the differently abled could only earn from supplement programs of the government or could attend training and retraining in schools for the challenged, but their life was neither challenging nor productive.The knowledge of assisting devices how they work and how easily they can be serviced, has empowered the physically challenged to reach newer heights, today even they can be workers, coworkers, self-earning individuals and most importantly with technology boosting their self-esteem, they have become successful and productive emp loyees of today. Theorist believe Whether disabled or not , technology will continue to assist individuals in a job where precision and time management are required, and before joining a job the employer Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 20 Impact of Workplace Design s often pierce with questions about what technology will the employee be using and can the technology be remodeled as per his convenience of use (Cohn, 2000). Therefore it is imperative that technology keeps changing so that work becomes easier as ease of work is another incentive/tool to improve on the job performance and quality of service. Before we close the topic of technology, we must not forget that a very simple technology that has been around for the past few years is the one on which the foundation of every successful business industry is based is the e-mail, which is viable proof that technology is a burning need.Though technology is indispensable, policy makers in every surface subject area should take an impor tant stride to maintain on the job wellness and a healthy workplace environment. A healthy environment is the first installing of better and greater future returns and for that technology must go hand in hand with the Environmental concerns of Today. 2. 9 Environmental concerns regarding Workplace design Environment issues at workplace should be a growing concern for any company today after the green laws and threat to the ozone layer.Apart from all this it also affects employee performance and on the job behaviour. Who would like to work in an office with bad ventilation and the smell of asbestos around? An infected work environment is a health issue it not only decreases productivity but also has a direct impact on employee health causing diseases like asthma, claustrophobia and lung infections. This in turn again increases employee absenteeism and health costs of the company. The Employers should take necessary steps to ensure a healthy work environment.The organization should m aintain and keep to the guidelines provided by OSHA and EPA to maintain cost effective ways of managing work environment and reduce absenteeism and attrition to influence on the job behaviour and employee productivity. Theorists argue that employees should also understand greater concerns related to the environment when they are working in a service industry where 75 to 80 percent of the waste generated is biodegradable and can be managed simply by doing CSR initiatives and nonprofit work.Restaurants generate around seventy to eighty kilos of edible waste per day. If a company plans successfully, the food waste can safely be disposed off to NGOs for the poor as a CSR initiative which would give employees a sense of belonging and goodwill and Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 21 Impact of Workplace Design would motivate them to innovate on better and unique methods of waste disposal for the greater good and environmental concern.The reason for bringing in environmental concerns while study ing employee productivity is the simple fact that waste should be eliminated in the surroundings where it is generated then only is it said that the company follows a policy of successful waste management. Therefore, every company should have a method of connecting with the experts for complete understanding of environmental concerns relating to a guest service industry. right training and development sessions on how to manage cleanliness and environment around and in the workplace should be well followed by employers.The employees should be trained in the art of environment management by their given organization. After discussing every aspect of workplace design one must not forget that an Employees reason for dissension may also be underperformance which also sadly makes up a large part of the workplace design. 2. 10 Managing underperformance Workplace is marked by unequal work performance or the failure to comprehend and act on the tasks which are to be done by the individual in the position of power he holds.The reasons clearly stand to be a high degree of non compliance with workplace policies and/or rules, unacceptable behaviour from peers at workplace and degraded or attitude clashes with bosses or superiors. Apart from this the reasons that are more importantly missed while carrying out a feedback are an employees problem in understanding what is expected, his incapability to perform in the given position due to a mismatch between job profile and skill set, lack of regular counseling thereby paralyzing the employee technically, family issues, drug abuse and work culture.It has been frequently argued that dealing with underperformance has always been challenging for employee and employer alike. Managers with formal education require the 5Cs to deal with underperformance which relatively are character, commitment, conviction, courtesy and courage (Khera, 1998). It is crucial to resolve underperformance problems in the location where they arise. Not n ecessarily does every underperformance issue require a structured approach but the mind must always be free to explore additional options.Employers must withdraw in all contexts that underperformance affects a work environment adversely. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 22 Impact of Workplace Design There exists certain incapability among managers to identify the source of underperformance and then assess it successfully. Never has one seen all companies perform at the same level and if they would have, the existence of competition would not have been a paramount feature hence it is important to understand who controls the situation and who manages the workforce. 2. 1 The people involved After discussing all the attributes involved in a workplace design that lead to positive on the job performance, one must not forget the major question of who should be involved in the major processes. An article published by (Frenburg, 1985) stated that flexibility, health, environment, recreation and motivation impacted on the job performance as it involved a sense of well being and belonging in an employee. The researcher also found that some(prenominal) gaps were left in progressive work design was the lack of consultation between employee, employer and workplace designer.It is undoubtedly very clear that a workplace benefits more from staffs who are motivated and trained and understand who the boss is. Effective performance management individuals can create better employees and better effectiveness at workplace. Non compliance with workplace issues, absorbed behaviour and hostility in the workplace environment leads to leadership, teamwork and managing the workplace issues. It is rare that an employee knows what is expected from him. Many a times it has been seen that for all the processes mentioned above, there are as such no ground rules laid down by the department to help employees with the same.Unless employees are made to understand that they are underperforming, it is very difficult for them to actually understand that they are underperforming (government, n. d. ). It is essentially required that the head HR managers and executives , properly look into the tasks mentioned above so that proper coordination is maintained and all the processes followed very close and carefully Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 23 Impact of Workplace Design Chapter 3 (Research Methodology) 3. Approach The researcher has adopted a mix of quantitative as well as soft approaches to carry out this particular study. The Qualitative analysis involves the primary research which draws inferences from the working environment and its effect on the employees in the food and beverage department of the Taj Palace Delhi. The secondary research of this analysis involved conducting literature reviews through thorough study of journals, books and websites to get a global understanding of employee and employee workplace to get the primary research.The quantitative approach involved condu cting a survey of thirty employees in the food and beverage department of the hotel, the questionnaires were distributed to equal number of men and women and were pose over a span of different age groups to understand how employees today feel about their workplace and what is the change they would like to see in that particular department or their working conditions in the near future.After which the researcher conducted semi structured interviews of certain industry personnel who have given sufficient amount of years to the industry and who can successfully compare and contrast the difference between workplace scenarios then and what change they have undergone now. 3. 2 The Research Question/Hypothesis Do workplace attributes affect on the job behaviour of an employee? 3. 3 Research design The primary design of the research is an empirical deductive research. The questionnaire data has been collected from thirty employees belonging to different societies and spread over different ages and genders.The qualitative data involves deducing data from semi structured interviews of hospitality industry professionals with sufficient experience of the topic. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 24 Impact of Workplace Design Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) 4. 1 Interview 4. 1. 1 Mr. Avijit Sen, General Manager, Vesta Hotels Jaipur How critical is the physical work environment to office space designing today compared to when you began your work in the industry? Things were indeed very different when I began in the hospitality sector. The industry was understood going through a phase of metamorphosis and things were very new. and then, every HM student was considered to be a waiter and a culinary guy a bawarchi. There was no defined workplace design as such, people were staunch followers of the phrase work is worship and no matter whatever be the condition work is our livelihood so good or bad pleasing or not so pleasing it did not matter. But yes things are very different no w. People are being judged on their overall efficiency more and more jobs are being replaced by technology and a small number of highly qualified individuals are required in a business unit. Workplace or the so called physical environment of the employee has become an epicenter of change.Innovation and efficiency are todays mantra and are the keys to employee motivation. Everyone wishes to have an environment with his own physical space. There has been more stress on scientific design lately to suite the body and physical needs of employees and with labor becoming more and more costly, one has to design to retain. When did you first begin to realize that the work environment or the workplace itself has started affecting your on the job behaviour? Well to be very honest, it was not very hardened to realize that. When you are at the level of assistant managers you are young in the industry and the world seems to be a gift of Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 25 Impact of Workplace Design u nlimited possibilities. At that time when you are in the period of frequent transfers and property changes you seem to notice designs and patterns I am from a food and beverage background for me at least I knew that the design of the bar or the restaurant definitely mattered. Better ambience better origination would not only please customer but also employee alike. The major difference always will be that some places the organization would have designed well at other places it would have not shown much interest so the working attitude really differs from place to place.I preferably found the Private hotels and their designs better and hence changed over from ITDC. Why do you feel that the industry is taking so long to incorporate workplace innovations even after realizing that it has a significant impact on the on the job behaviour? Unlike all other product oriented businesses which have been there from time immemorial the hospitality industry is relatively knew and mapping all aspe cts of its production is very difficult.Plus recent insights show that the hospitality industry is still in need of a lot of qualified professionals Workplace design though essential is a very hi-fi concept, the education system in India is definitely not equipped to produce out of the box thinking individuals and that is why there are very few. It is not that the workplace engineering concept has not been introduced, the fact still is that hospitality professionals are still not mentally prepared to embrace the realities of the concept. If you wanted to create the ideal workplace environment, what would you envision it to be if you were an employee?Honestly, if I were to view workplace as an employee, India is far from achieving the vision I have seen. Improvements are not only required in staff line motivation but also infrastructure Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 26 Impact of Workplace Design Life in hospitality is fast paced, the job is demanding and work hours are eerie. In a scen ario like this, employees are forced to come and change in a changing rooms cramped with lockers that would not even hold two pair of suits. The washrooms of the back area are cramped and employees literally have to bend to accommodate.The bunk beds placed for employees on night parole too are rough and uncomfortable When I began as an hotelier we had a few prestigious properties of hospitality scattered in the regions of Delhi Madras and Bangalore and sadly when today hospitality is growing its staff sector is still underdeveloped. The resources are not proper and the facilities are scarce. What do you feel have been the most repetitive complains regarding workplace issues in the industry? Being a till you face those complains in abundance, you can never categorize these complains as important or non important.Many of them are linked to issues I have already discussed with you in previous(prenominal) questions. I often get complains like the environment smell rancid, the cleaning in the back areas are, not proper. Technological failure, softwares not working. Then you will also not be strike to find complains like space in washroom is not sufficient or the staff rooms are too claustrophobic. Lack of basic amenities and training programs and less motivational factors related to work. Office innovation or workplace change is actually the development of technological social and personnel aspects, what are your comments on this statement?It is definitely that but a lot more is what I would like to say as I have mentioned every aspect in my answers above. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 27 Impact of Workplace Design 4. 1. 2 Mr. Akesh Bhatnagar, General Manager, Golkonda Hotel, Hyderabad How critical is the physical work environment to office space designing today compared to when you began your work in the industry? Interesting Question, you see physical work environment or office design now is like the rotation of the earth, there is day and there is night. Some c hanges occurred for the best and well others were not that successful.Office design was critical then and is critical now the only difference today is that people are more aware of what is expected of them. In the 1980s when I was still in my twenties I remember the laws of transparency at work and overtime were not strict. People could get away with anything and everything and honestly we did not bother much we did what our elders had done, we were told work was for a living and it had to be done come what may. Today though things have taken a drastic turn with people today aping the west and with more flexibility in laws and awareness employees tend to choose their own workplace.If it is good and up to their level of comfort they will do the job and if not its not their cup of tea, so today office space design has actually become a mirage of what the employee wants to see. It is his job and his way. When did you first begin to realize that the work environment or the workplace its elf has started affecting your on the job behaviour? Well it is actually hard to recall but if you ask me personally, I would say I realized it when I was training with ITDC on a banquet operation. I remember I had a very grumpy supervisor who would puss at us every time we moved a glass from here to there.It was actually intimidating the way he would actually direct us in each and everything how to walk, how to talk and how to serve, what to say and what not to say. One must understand that people do not like that. They prefer an environment that gives the ease of working not overstress them From there on I started judging my workplace by how my peers were, how my colleagues were, how well kept my workplace was and most importantly whether I can expect to get back what I put in. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 28 Impact of Workplace DesignWhy do you feel that the industry is taking so long to incorporate workplace innovations even after realizing that it has a significant impact on th e on the job behaviour? Well Varun, I do not know if you realize this or not but hoteliering is not the most happening profession in the world today. You will actually be surprised to know how many people keep this as a second option, honestly hoteliering was my second option too it was much later when I came face to face with my work that I realized it is not that bad after all. If you see figures the industry is actually in need of more than twenty deoxyguanosine monophosphate educated professionals but alasPeople with brains either become engineers or doctors or join other professions with other noble roots. There is a shortage of skilled personnel in this industry and people knock on the doors of this profession when they have realized that they do not stand a panorama elsewhere. People like you that is if hotels was your first option are really hard to come by so you know bringing in an innovation which few seem to understand feels like a waste of time so the process of work place change though slow seems even more redundant because of the lack of skilled people for its execution.If you wanted to create the ideal workplace environment, what would you envision it to be if you were an employee? Well if I were to envision my work place I would see myself sitting on a chair that floats above the ground and be able to move in an out through walls unnoticed eat sleep work and enjoy when I want. Jokes apart, I am just trying to say that there can never be one vision. The vision of workplace for every person changes with the change in his seniority and his mindset.When I was at the Front office manager I wanted a bigger desk today when I am a General Manager I want a bigger and much more technologically improved office What one envisions to see will always be steps away from reality, so if you wish to sum up what each and every one of us in this industry wants it would just be paradise. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 29 Impact of Workplace Design What do you feel have been the most repetitive complains regarding workplace issues in the industry? Well when you talk of complains in this industry they are more like tantrums of kid.It is like when the kid wants something he wants it without even realizing whether or not the company would actually be able to provide him with the same. I get complains like the staff washroom is to small or we need better lockers or the work hours are killing or sir, I did not get my designated of and last but not the least my supervisor and colleagues do not respect me. This world is a battlefield of conflicts, people strive to achieve better and better. To people there will always be a scope for change so workplace design or change is like polishing a diamond with each intricate cut it shines better and its value doubles.Maybe many of the complains do not have a solution but many also do but the irony is if you solve one they come up with upgraded versions of previous complains so you have got to keep improving yourself so that you can face the challenges of the future. Office innovation or workplace change is actually the development of technological social and personnel aspects, what are your comments on this statement? Definitely, very truly spoken because work and its outcomes depend mainly on personal social and technological aspects, enhancing all of the above would definitely enhance productivity. . 2 Structured Questionnaire Analysis A structured questionnaire was provided to thirty staff members selected randomly from the food and beverage department of Taj Palace Hotel, Delhi. The questionnaire involved ranking workplace as an important attribute affecting job satisfaction and on-job performance on a scale of one to five, with one being the lowest and five being the highest. After the data was collected, it was analyzed for the importance placed to different attributes with regards to the employees job satisfaction and on-job performance.An average of the Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 30 Impact of Workplace Design data submitted by all participants of the study was calculated and a bar chart was generated as follows. Attributes of Job Satisfaction 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 Attributes 2. 6 2. 6 3. 7 4. 4 4. 1 3. 9 3. 6 3. 6 3. 7 3. 7 4. 1 4. 2 4 4. 5 3. 8 4 4. 5 0 Figure 1 The analysis of this questionnaire presented to employees of different ages and working at different levels in the Food and Beverage Department of The Taj Palace Delhi yielded very interesting results.Looking at the bar chart from the average of all attributes of work and workplace design , it is naturally seen that Learning Opportunity, Promotion, Motivation and Workplace Architecture play a major role in employee satisfaction, which in turn is known to be directly proportional to the on the job behaviour of the employee. Many employees have also marked Wellness Programs and Job Security as important reasons for retaining a job. The analysis also included ideas collected from, The Restaurant Manager, supervisors, the stewards and also management trainees working in the department.The questionnaire by design was circulated to an equal number of manly and female employees in the study. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 31 Impact of Workplace Design Next, the researcher segregated the study findings by gender to see if any deviations occurred in the result. It was realized that different workplace attributes motivated male and female employees differently. Given below is a Bar chart of the attributes that the male employees considered essential for job satisfaction. 5 Job Satisfaction Attributes for Male 4. 7 Employees 4. 1 3. 4 3. 8 3. 7 3. 4 2. 8 2. 5 4. 1 4 4 4. 2 4. 2 4. 2 4. 1 4 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 Attributes(M) 1 0. 5 0 Figure 2 It was clearly noticed that for male employees working in the Food and Beverage department of The Taj Palace Hotel, Delhi that what motivates them the most is the physical attribute of workplace, which includes working desk and b ack area design. Workplace architecture is closely followed by job security, training and development, motivation while attr

Journal Analysis: Industrial Materials and Process

Increasing concern with fuel consumption leads to widespread interest in light free encumbrance structures for transportation vehicles. Several competing technologies argon available for the structural connections of these structures, namely weld, mechanical fastening/riveting, and adhesive technologies. Great interest is dedicated to welding of lightweight structures, particularly because of economic reasons derived of part count reduction, faster and cheaper fabrication, and possible weight gains.However, drawbacks of welding include variation of properties in the welcomed atomic number 18a, intrinsic metallurgical herculeanies sibyl leading to unacceptable defects, as well as, from a mechanical design point of view, by chance detrimental fatigue behavior features associated with the continuous path of crack propagation. Crucial factors for the application of new technologies argon the cost. Especially for the substitution of metals by light weight alloys beneath all technolog ical properties of the economic aspects have to be considered.Currently the technological processes receiving more widespread interest in metallic lightweight structures are optical maser beam welding (LB) and friction brace welding (FSP). According to E. Schubert, M. Classes ET. AL Light weight components are of crucial interest for all branches that produce miserable masses. The aim to reduce weight has to be accompanied by high production efficiency and component performance. Laser beam Joining offers the possibility to constitute Joints of all light metals and their combination. Laser welding is a high energy beam process and in this regard is similar to electron beam.With that exception they are unlike one another. The energy density of the laser is achieved by the concentration of light waves not electrons. The laser output is not electric, does not require electrical continuity, is not influenced by magnetism, is not limited to electrically conductive materials and in fac t can interact with any material whether it be metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, etc. at last its function does not require a vacuum nor are x-rays produced. Friction-stir welding (FSP) is a solid-state Joining process (the metal is not melted) that uses a ternary body tool to Join two facing surfaces.Heat is generated between the tool and material which leads to a very soft region near the FSP tool. It then eugenically intermixes the two pieces of metal at the place of the Joint, then the softened metal (due to the elevated temperature) can be Joined using mechanical pressure (which is applied by the tool), much like Joining clay, or dough. It is primarily used on aluminium, and most often on extruded aluminum (non-heat treatable alloys), and on structures which need superior weld strength without a post weld heat treatment.Methodology of the Researches According to the Journal of R. Brushstrokes et al. Joining technology of lightweight dissimilar metals between magnesium and alum inum alloys are essential for legalizing hybrid structure cars and other engineering application. In the present study, the normal center line welding of tour Joint was carried out by laser welding. It was found that the intervocalic layer formed near interface between two metals significantly degraded the Joining metal, which contributes to control thickness of intervocalic abstruse layer.Based on the result of FEM. analysis, the edge line welding of lap Joint was carried out, which could easily control the thickness of intervocalic layer and successfully obtained high Joining strength. In comparing with the Journal of R. Brushstrokes et al. According to T. Mortising et al. Macrostructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welding Joint between AY alloy and MGM alloy by laser welding was very brittle because of create up MGM AAA intervocalic immixs in fusion geographical zone.On the other hand, FSP is anticipated to welding dissimilar alloys AY alloys and GAZA magnesium alloy with various tool rotational speed and welding speed. These joints showed higher hardness in their stir zones than that of parent GAZA alloy because of MGM-AY inter metallic meld formation. Over, the harness of stir zone was lower than that of fusion zone of laser welding, and was changed with the welding parameter of tool rotational speed and welding speed. In accordance with R. Brushstrokes et al. O the problem of intervocalic compound, another approach to control intervocalic compound formation has to be developed for Joining magnesium and aluminum alloys. The controlling penetration depth of molten in lap Joint configuration baron be a possible approach for reducing intervocalic compound formation, in the present study laser welding between agencies alloy GAZA B and aluminum AY-O was carried out. Since the penetration depth of molten metal in lap Joint will be one of important factor for controlling the thickness of intervocalic compound layer.Results and Findings of the Researches In accordance with R. Brushstrokes et al. After tensile-shear tests, it was found that failure occurred inside intervocalic compound layer, which degraded strength of the Joint. The maximum failure load and strength obtained for the welding lap Joint were NON and 20 Amp. This failure load is about 37% of yield load of AY-O alloy. Results of the tensile test of T. Mortising et al. The tensile strength of base was 244 Amp in aluminum alloy and 241 Amp in magnesium alloy. The Joint efficiency was achieved 61% of the strength of the base material. FSP has several disadvantages.As it is a solid state process, a great amount of tool wear takes place during the plunging stage as the work piece material is cold at this time. Weld speeds in FSP are slower which can lead to time-consuming Joining process. As higher weld forces are required during this process, equipment used for FSP is massive and expensive. Moreover friction stir welding of high melting temperature materials, suc h as steel and stainless steel are known to have welding tool limitations. Therefore, the use of regulation FSP machines runs into high capital cost requirements and relatively poor productivity.LB has advantages precise working with exact placing of the energy spot, welding of complicated Joint geometry, low heat application, indeed minor changes in macrostructure, low thermal distortion, cavity-free welds, low post weld operation times, large working distance is possible ( welding up to d mm distance and also to inaccessible parts). And its disadvantages are The welding plants are expensive, depending upon the equipment, If filler material is necessary they are, because of the limited amount produced, relatively expensive.Analysis and Recommendation of the Researches It was difficult to obtain enough quality welding strength in welding lap Joint between magnesium and aluminum alloy plates due to intervocalic compound layer formation it was found that the edge-line welding lap J oint could realize the shallow penetration depth of molten metal into lower plate, which would be trenchant for educing the reaction between two metal and then the formation of intervocalic compound.

Book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’

This paper seeks to make a review the defend of E.H. Carr on cardinal Years Crisis. The oblige is about transnational relations (IR) hence discourse dwells mainly on related different IR concepts including utopianism and extreme historicalism.The book was written by Edward Hallett Carr in 1939 and is believed to be one of the classics in internationalistic relations (IR). I see two reasons why Carrs book makes a special place in the field of IR. Firstly, since the book was first printed in 1939, it is believed that it greatly contributed to the establishment of international as an autonomous discipline secondly, it has a quite good amount of texts in understanding classical demesne.An observant mind would envisage that the book was written shortly forrader the outbreak of World War II as the author himself has put in the preface to the first edition. The book is believed to have grown out of the authors disappointment with utopianism and extreme realness that appeared t o him to belong to opposite poles that have developed in the deliberate and use of international politics after the Great War. Utopianism is believed to have its roots from the philosophical liberalism and gained popularity in the first decade after WWI which included the view that there is duty in man and of humankind as united by a substantial harmony of interests the existence of natural law and a reliance on the constructive consequence of public opinion on politics.Using the doctrine of utopianism, one could see the creation of the League of Nations and the liberal international economic system. But for author Carr, he saw the opposite, arguing that these two liberal institutions were weak which actually uncovered the weaknesses of the utopian approach. It was Carrs view, that the political and economic events in Europe occurring before the World II proved that principles like the universal interest in peace or the benefits of open markets were non really true in the real s ense since these developments were dependent on a distribution of reason favouring the status quo countries which included Great Britain and the United States at the time.Carrs emphasis on former in international politics, however, does not preclude him from disagreeing with those who take this realist principle to its extremes. He looks at politics as a constant quest for government agency in which imagination does not play any role, and making an allowance for morality as always relative and functional to interests. Thus he argued that the kind of realism developed in the decade before World War II, made utopianisms opposite mistake that is analysis made makes purpose lacking in meaning. Carrs contemporaries including heirs of Machiavelli were proposing a completely pragmatic approach to politics, which had detached any emotional appeal, finite goal, or ground for ethical judgment, which Carr readily nominate to have no basis.This would leave any one then reading this book wan der the way one then should look at world politics. The author then made his theory of international relations clearer in the second half of the book. What he theorized as is that power or drive for success is the main driving force of international politics. He denied not the fact that every state has selfish interest and that no interaction in the international arena can be well explained without making an assumption to the selfish nature of states. These countries according to Carr lust for influence and to the conflictual character of politics. He defined power to be referring to military as the most important, because of the possibility of war that was always present then.Power could also be economic, or ideological. He thus believed that power is not the only force at work in the international arena. As to how can this be, Carr, as distinguished from the extreme realists, believes that morality plays a role in politics. His conception of ethics, however, is not embodied as pa rt of one he is opposing, the theory of the utopian philosopher. Instead what Carr theorized on is a realistic morality, found and felt in the actual behaviour of the states that recognize each other as belonging to the same community. Commonality for membership in the same community lies with resembling goals and feelings of said members.There is basis to look at the authors position on ethics in international relations as having significant limitations which should include the need and solicitude for self-preservation) so that denying not to have any function in politics may sound to be baseless since man must(prenominal) not be forgotten that he can be sociable as well as egoistic. Thus in trying to find the middle ground or the so called golden mean that is between complete power and purely morality based on utopianism, Carrs analysis of international law did destine his plausible view in international relation. It may be just logical to understand his argument not to obey the law because it is good or out of pure imposition.He believes then powerful countries then do so make decisions because law gives certainty and regularity to an order and such situations do interpret both the systemic distribution of power and the consent of its participants. What can be inferred from Carrs position is that, the main challenge for a system undergoing a redistribution of power via peaceful transformations of its legal order moral principles should be maintained as still important part of the process.To conclude, it may be said that the Carrs book on The Twenty Years Crisis is a classic of International Relations and its a complex although others believe that has its simple structure. Beyond the complexity it must be noted the authors arguments revealed his concern the method of International Relations as well as its substance. Carrs attacking utopianism and extreme realism limits not only views of the human nature and of the essence of politics, but his good gras p of the relationships of thing like those between pragmatism and ethics in the study of politics making a reader to fill in some interpretation for the solution. What must be remembered also is not his narration of the history of the inter-war international system, nor pure theoretical discussion as show in his refusal to transform arguments into universally models as he seemed to argue on case to case basis.ReferenceCarr, E. (2001) The Twenty Years Crisis 1919 -1939 An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (Paperback), as updated by Michael Cox